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HTML vx. XHTML

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HTML and XHTML are both markup languages used to create web pages. However, they differ in syntax rules, strictness, and compatibility with XML.

🔹 What is HTML?

HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the standard language for creating web pages. It is lenient and allows certain syntax flexibility, such as unclosed tags or lowercase/uppercase tag names.

🔹 What is XHTML?

XHTML (eXtensible HyperText Markup Language) is a stricter and well-formed version of HTML that follows XML rules. It was designed to improve HTML’s structure and enable better compatibility with XML-based tools.

📊 HTML vs. XHTML – Key Differences

Feature HTML XHTML
Based on SGML XML
Tag Names Not case-sensitive Must be lowercase
Closing Tags Optional for some tags Required for all tags
Attribute Quotation Optional Required
Attribute Minimization Allowed (checked) Not allowed (checked="checked")
Doctype Declaration Optional Required
Error Handling Browser tries to fix it Strict – page may not render
Compatibility More forgiving Requires XML parsers

💻 HTML Example (Lenient)

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
  <title>HTML Page</title>
</head>
<body>
  <h1>Welcome</h1>
  <input type="checkbox" checked>
</body>
</html>

💻 XHTML Example (Strict)

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
  <title>XHTML Page</title>
</head>
<body>
  <h1>Welcome</h1>
  <input type="checkbox" checked="checked" />
</body>
</html>

Practice Questions

Q1. Write a simple HTML document using lenient syntax.

Q2. Convert an HTML document into valid XHTML format.

Q3. Demonstrate the use of self-closing tags in XHTML.

Q4. Show how attribute values differ in HTML and XHTML.

Q5. Explain why XHTML requires case sensitivity.

Q6. Write a form in XHTML with properly quoted attributes.

Q7. Validate an XHTML file using a W3C validator.

Q8. Identify and correct syntax errors in a mixed HTML/XHTML page.

Q9. Compare error handling in HTML vs. XHTML.

Q10. Explain why XHTML is more compatible with XML tools.

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